Integrated circuit comprising a capacitive element, and manufacturing method

ABSTRACT

A capacitive element of an integrated circuit includes first and second electrodes. The first electrode is formed by a first electrically conductive layer located above a semiconductor well doped with a first conductivity type. The second electrode is formed by a second electrically conductive layer located above the first electrically conductive layer of the semiconductor well. The second electrode is further formed by a doped surface region within the semiconductor well that is heavily doped with a second conductivity type opposite the first conductivity type, wherein the doped surface region is located under the first electrically conductive layer. An inter-electrode dielectric area electrically separates the first electrode and the second electrode.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application claims the priority benefit of French Application forPatent No. 1853778, filed on May 2, 2018, the content of which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety to the maximum extentallowable by law.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The embodiments and the implementation of the invention relate tointegrated circuits, particularly low-voltage capacitive elements.

BACKGROUND

Indeed, analog parts and parts intended to process radiofrequencysignals of integrated circuits particularly require capacitors with alinear capacitive value for low voltages, typically for voltages closeto 0 V at their terminals.

For example, between 0.0 V and 0.5 V a variation of less than 10% to 15%of the capacitive value is considered to be acceptable.

Typically, such capacitors have been produced by interfaces of twolayers of conductive material separated by a dielectric layer, forexample, of the MOM (Metal-Oxide-Metal) type.

However, the capacitors that are produced according to this approach (ofthe MOM type) have a relatively low capacitive value per unit area, forexample, of approximately 3fF/μm², and can represent 10% of the bulk ofan analog part of an integrated circuit, and 50 % of the bulk of a partintended to process radiofrequency signals of an integrated circuit.

The conventional technologies for capacitors of the MOS(Metal-Oxide-Silicon) type offer better performance in terms of surfacecapacitive value but worse performance in terms of low-voltagevariations.

Consequently, it is worthwhile increasing the surface capacitive valueof integrated circuit capacitors while maintaining an acceptablevariation of this low-voltage value.

SUMMARY

To this end, according to one aspect, an integrated circuit is proposedcomprising a semiconductor well with a first conductivity type and atleast one capacitive element comprising: a first electrode comprising afirst electrically conductive layer located above the semiconductor wellwith a first conductivity type; a second electrode comprising a secondelectrically conductive layer above the first layer, a doped surfaceregion heavily doped with a second conductivity type that is oppositethe first conductivity type located in the well and on the surface ofthe well and under the first layer; and an inter-electrode dielectricarea separating the first electrode and the second electrode.

The doped surface region heavily doped with a second conductivity typethat is opposite the first conductivity type of the well, located on thesurface of the well, forms a local area with a high density of minoritycarriers, allowing linear operation by inversion (i.e., having limitedvariations of the capacitive value) and introducing an increase of thesurface capacitive value by inversion. The capacitive element alsoexhibits good accumulation performance.

For example, the surface capacitive value of a capacitive elementaccording to this aspect can be approximately 9fF/μm².

According to one embodiment, the doped surface region extends over thesurface of the well facing the whole of the first layer.

Indeed, the presence of the doped surface region over the whole of thesurface of the well at the interface of the second electrode and thefirst electrode allows the linearity of the low-voltage capacitive valueto be improved.

For example, the thickness of said doped surface region is less than 10nm, preferably less than 5 nm.

According to one embodiment, the dielectric area comprises a firstdielectric layer, for example, a tunnel oxide, between the firstconductive layer and the doped surface region, and a second dielectriclayer, for example, a gate oxide, between the first conductive layer andthe second conductive layer.

According to one embodiment, the capacitive element comprises a firstcontact heavily doped with the first conductivity type electricallyconnecting the well to the second electrode, and a second contactheavily doped with the second conductivity type electrically connectingthe doped surface region to the second electrode.

Thus, with the second electrode being electrically connected to the welland comprising the second electrically conductive layer, the surface ofthe interfaces between the first and the second electrode is located oneither side of the first conductive layer. This allows the surfacecapacitive value to be doubled compared to a conventional configuration.

According to one embodiment, the integrated circuit comprises adecoupling capacitor and/or a compensation circuit and/or aradiofrequency signal reception line filter, respectively incorporatingsaid at least one capacitive element.

According to another aspect, a manufacturing method is proposed for acapacitive element comprising: forming a first electrode that comprisesforming a first electrically conductive layer on a semiconductorsubstrate with a first conductivity type, forming a second electrodethat comprises forming a second electrically conductive layer on thefirst layer and installing a doped surface region heavily doped with asecond conductivity type that is opposite the first conductivity typeunder the first layer and on the surface of the well and forming aninter-electrode dielectric area electrically separating the firstelectrode and the second electrode.

According to one embodiment, the installation of the doped surfaceregion is carried out over the entire surface of the well facing thefirst layer.

According to one embodiment, the installation of the doped surfaceregion is configured to form said doped surface region, the thickness ofwhich is less than 10 nm, preferably less than 5 nm.

According to one embodiment, the installation of the doped surfaceregion is carried out with 20 keV of energy and a surface concentrationof 3.0*10¹³ cm⁻².

According to one embodiment, the formation of the dielectric areacomprises forming a first dielectric layer between the first conductivelayer and the doped surface region and forming a second dielectric layerbetween the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer.

According to one embodiment, the method comprises forming a firstcontact heavily doped with the first conductivity type to electricallyconnect the well to the second electrode, and a second contact heavilydoped with the second conductivity type to electrically connect thedoped surface region to the second electrode.

According to one embodiment, said formation of a first electricallyconductive layer is part of a step further and commonly comprisingforming a floating gate of a floating gate transistor, said formation ofa second electrically conductive layer is part of a step further andcommonly comprising forming a floating gate transistor control gate,said installation of a doped surface region is part of a step furtherand commonly comprising a counteractive-installation in a channel areaof the floating gate transistor, and said formation of aninter-electrode dielectric area is part of steps further and commonlycomprising forming dielectric layers of the floating gate transistor.

Thus, the manufacture of the capacitive element according to thisembodiment is completely free in a technological chain providing for theimplementation of the aforementioned steps for manufacturing a floatinggate transistor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Further advantages and features of the invention will become apparentupon reading the detailed description of embodiments and of theimplementation of the invention, which are by no means limiting, andwith reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a cross-section view of a capacitive element of an integratedcircuit;

FIG. 2 shows examples of features of the capacitive element;

FIG. 3 shows an embodiment comprising a decoupling capacitor;

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment comprising a compensation circuit;

FIG. 5 shows an embodiment comprising a capacitor for a radiofrequencysignal filter assembly; and

FIG. 6 represents an implementation of a manufacturing method accordingto the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a cross-section view of a capacitive element C of anintegrated circuit C1 comprising a first electrode E1 and a secondelectrode E2 electrically separated by an inter-electrode dielectriclocated between them.

The capacitive element C is located on a semiconductor well PW with afirst conductivity type, more specifically, on an area, called activearea, of the well PW, i.e. a part that is not covered by lateralisolation areas STI.

In this case, the well PW is part of an upper part of an underlyingsemiconductor substrate, but clearly can be an isolated well, of the“triple well” type.

For example, the first conductivity type is the P-type, and thus, asecond conductivity type that is opposite the first conductivity type isthe N-type. The opposite also can be contemplated.

The lateral isolation areas STI, for example, of the shallow trenchisolation type, allow active areas neighboring the well PW to beelectrically isolated.

The first electrode E1 comprises a first electrically conductive layerP1, for example, made of doped polycrystalline silicon, which coversmost of the surface of the active area (i.e., for example, the whole ofthe surface except the first and second contacts P+, N+mentionedhereafter).

A first dielectric layer OxT separates the surface of the active areafrom the first layer P1. For example, the first dielectric layer OxT isa silicon oxide of the tunnel oxide type that is approximately 7 nmthick.

The second electrode E2 comprises a second electrically conductive layerP2, for example, made of doped polycrystalline silicon, located abovethe first layer P1.

A second dielectric layer OxG separates the first layer P1 and thesecond layer P2. For example, the second dielectric layer OxG is ahigh-voltage gate oxide, of the silicon oxide-nitride-oxide stack type(commonly denoted “ONO”).

The second electrode E2 further comprises a doped surface region NS onthe surface of the well PW.

According to one embodiment, the well PW is electrically connected tothe second electrode E2 via a first contact P+heavily doped with thefirst conductivity type. In this context, “heavily doped” means dopedwith a dopant level at/cm³ that would allow for a low resistance ohmiccoupling to exist.

The doped surface region NS is heavily doped with a second conductivitytype that is opposite the first conductivity type and is located in thewell PW and on its surface, under the first layer P1.

Given the opposing conductivities of the dopants of the substrate PW andof the doped surface region NS, the doped surface region NS is called“counteractively-installed”.

The counteractively-installed doped surface region NS advantageouslyextends over the surface of the well PW that is located facing the wholeof the first layer P1.

Indeed, if the doped surface region extends over the whole of the partof the well PW at the interface of the second electrode E2 with thefirst electrode E1, the capacitive value of the capacitive element C ismore stable (linear) for voltages close to 0 V (voltages between the twoelectrodes of the capacitive element C).

According to a particular embodiment, the capacitive element C does notcomprise a trench extending vertically in the well PW and comprising acentral conductive portion surrounded by an isolating envelope andelectrically coupled to the first electrode E1.

Thus, as it is not “cut” by trenches, the counteractively-installeddoped surface region NS extends over the surface of the well PW facingthe whole of the first layer P1.

With the surface of the well PW that provides the interface for thesecond electrode E2 with the first electrode E1 thus being fully coveredby the doped surface region, the capacitive value of the capacitiveelement C advantageously is linear at voltages close to 0 V.

The shallower the depth of the counteractively-installed doped surfaceregion NS, the more the addition of minority carriers will be locatedclose to the interface between the well PW and the first dielectriclayer OxT. This provides better performance.

For example, the depth of the counteractively-installed doped surfaceregion NS is less than 10 nm, preferably less than 5 nm.

The counteractively-installed doped surface region NS is electricallyconnected to the second electrode E2 via a second contact N+ heavilydoped with the second conductivity type, allowing low resistance ohmiccoupling with said doped surface region NS.

Thus, when biasing the electrodes of the capacitive element C in anaccumulation regime, the well PW is biased to the voltage of the secondelectrode E2 via the first contact P+ and, when biasing the electrodesof the capacitive element C in an inversion regime, the doped surfaceregion NS is biased to the voltage of the second electrode E2 via thesecond contact N+.

FIG. 2 shows examples of features of embodiments of the capacitiveelement C.

The features shown are the surface capacitive value F/m² as a functionof the voltage V_(E1)-V_(E2) on the terminals of the capacitive elementC for various minority carrier concentrations of thecounteractively-installed doped surface region NS.

These results correspond to counteractive-installations of N-typedopants, such as arsenic, in a P-type silicon substrate, in order toform said doped surface region NS.

The surface capacitive values F/m² are shown on a scale ranging from5fF/μm² to 9fF/μm² (femtofarad per micrometer squared) for voltagesV_(E1)-V_(E2) on the terminals of the capacitive element C that arebetween −4V and +4V.

The curve C1 corresponds to a capacitive element not comprising acounteractively-installed doped surface region.

The curve C2 corresponds to a capacitive element comprising acounteractively-installed doped surface region NS with a surfaceconcentration of 1.0*10¹³ cm⁻².

The curve C3 corresponds to a capacitive element comprising acounteractively-installed doped surface region NS with a surfaceconcentration of 2.0*10¹³ cm⁻².

The curve C4 corresponds to a capacitive element comprising acounteractively-installed doped surface region NS with a surfaceconcentration of 3.0*10¹³ cm⁻².

The features shown by the four curves C1-C4 each comprise two stableregimes, called accumulation regime Acc for substantially negativevoltages and inversion regime Inv for substantially positive voltages,as well as a transitory regime Trs between said accumulation andinversion regimes for voltages close to 0 V.

The surface capacitive values in accumulation and inversion regimes aresubstantially constant and equal and the transitory regime has an acutehollow (i.e. a negative spike) between the two stable regimes.

For each feature C1-C4, the minimum capacitive value (i.e. in the hollowof the negative spike) is reached at the threshold voltage of thecorresponding capacitive element.

It is to be noted that the curve C1, even though it represents astructure that does not comprise a counteractively-installed dopedsurface region, corresponds, according to this feature, to a structurecomprising a source of minority carriers such as the second contact N+only. In the absence of a source of minority carriers such as the secondcontact N+ only, the capacitive value in the inversion regime exhibitsthe profile of the curve C10, i.e. a high stable value in theaccumulation regime and a low stable value, less than the high stablevalue, in the inversion regime, according to a plot line exhibiting theprofile of an arc-cotangent function.

For example, the capacitive value of the stable regimes Acc, Inv isapproximately 9fF/μm² and the hollow of the transitory regime Trs dropsto substantially 6fF/μm² to 5.5fF/μm² at the respective thresholdvoltage.

The curves C1-C4 of FIG. 2 show that the effect of thecounteractive-installation of the doped surface region NS is to reducethe value of the threshold voltage, proportionally to the surfaceconcentration of said doped surface region NS.

The reduction in the value of the threshold voltage is accompanied by aleftwards translation movement (in the orientation of FIG. 2) of thewhole of the considered curve.

Thus, when the threshold voltage of a capacitive element not comprisinga counteractively-installed doped surface region (curve C1) isapproximately +0.7 V, the threshold voltage of a capacitive elementcomprising a counteractively-installed doped surface region NS with ahigh surface concentration (curve C4) is approximately −1.6 V.

Furthermore, reducing the threshold voltage allows the transitory regimeto be shifted towards negative voltages (in this case, for the curve C4,between −2 V and 0 V) and thus allows a stable capacitive value to beobtained in the inversion regime at positive voltages close to 0 V.

Indeed, according to embodiments (for example, as characterized by thecurve C4), the capacitive value variation does not exceed 5% of thestable value between 0 V and 0.5 V and does not exceed 10% of the stablevalue between 0 V and 4 V.

FIG. 3 shows an embodiment in which the integrated circuit CI comprisesa decoupling capacitor Cdec, for example, connected between a supplyterminal and a ground terminal of a component of the integrated circuitCI.

Thus, the capacitive element C can belong to the decoupling capacitorCdec, particularly by virtue of its performance in terms of surfacecapacitive value and ubiquity.

Indeed, the decoupling capacitor Cdec can comprise, for example,multiple embodiments of similar capacitive elements C at differentpoints of the integrated circuit CI, coupled in parallel in order toobtain a desired capacitive value for the decoupling capacitor Cdec.

FIG. 4 shows an embodiment in which the integrated circuit CI comprisesa compensation circuit Comp, for example, such as a feedback filtered bythe capacitive effect of an output value over an input value.

Thus, the capacitive element C can belong to a compensation circuit Compapplied to radiofrequency signals, particularly by virtue of itsperformance in terms of linearity at low voltages.

FIG. 5 shows an embodiment in which the integrated circuit CI comprisesa radiofrequency signal RF reception line RX, comprising a filterassembly, for example, a filter RC comprising a resistive element R anda capacitive element C.

Thus, the capacitive element C can belong to the filter RC of theradiofrequency signal RF reception line RX, particularly by virtue ofits performance in terms of surface capacitive value and in terms oflinearity at low voltages.

FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of a method for manufacturing a capacitiveelement C, on the one hand, and a memory cell, on the other hand.

Indeed, the steps of manufacturing the capacitive element C can beincluded in manufacturing steps provided for a memory cell comprising afloating gate transistor.

According to one embodiment, the method for manufacturing a capacitiveelement C comprises forming a first electrode, forming a secondelectrode and forming an inter-electrode dielectric area electricallyseparating the first electrode and the second electrode.

The forming of the first electrode, the second electrode and theinter-electrode dielectric area are not implemented as such one afterthe other, but clearly comprise intricate manufacturing sub-steps andprogressively result in the production of said electrodes, separated byan inter-electrode dielectric area.

An embodiment of the formation of the first electrode comprises forminga first electrically conductive layer 613 on a semiconductor well with afirst conductivity type.

An embodiment of the formation of the second electrode comprises forminga second electrically conductive layer 615 on the first layer andinstalling 611 a doped surface region heavily doped with a secondconductivity type that is opposite the first conductivity type under thefirst layer and on the surface of the well.

An embodiment of the formation of an inter-electrode dielectric area612, 614 comprises forming a first dielectric layer 612 between thefirst conductive layer and the doped surface region and forming a seconddielectric layer 614 between the first conductive layer and the secondconductive layer.

An embodiment of the method further comprises forming 616 a firstcontact heavily doped with the first conductivity type intended toelectrically connect the well to the second electrode and a secondcontact heavily doped with the second conductivity type intended toelectrically connect the doped surface region to the second electrode.

These sub-steps are executed, for example, in the order shown in FIG. 6,according to an embodiment that is advantageously adapted for anintegrated circuit comprising a non-volatile memory.

During a first step 601, the installation of a doped surface region 611is implemented in a well of the substrate that is intended to receivethe capacitive element C.

During the first step 601, a counteractive-installation 621 in thevicinity of the channel area of the future floating gate transistor isalso implemented at the same time in another well intended to receive anon-volatile memory cell comprising a floating gate transistor.

The installation of the doped surface region 611 and thecounteractive-installation 621 of the channel area have exactly the samefeatures. For example, the counteractive-installations 611, 621 areproduced with 20 keV of energy and a surface concentration of 3.0*10¹³cm⁻², and are configured to form a doped surface region that is lessthan 10 nm thick, preferably less than 5 nm thick.

Furthermore, according to one embodiment, said installation of the dopedsurface region 611 is performed over the whole of the surface of thewell located facing the future first electrically conductive layer.

Thus, only the mask from which the counteractive-installation 621 of thememory cell is produced has to be adapted to implement the installationof the doped surface region 611 of the capacitive element during thefirst common step 601.

During a second step 602, the formation of the first dielectric layer612 of the capacitive element is simultaneously implemented with theformation of a dielectric tunnel 622 of a memory cell floating gatetransistor.

For example, a 7 nm thick silicon oxide SiO₂ is grown on the exposedparts of the substrate (called active areas) during the second step 602.

During a third step 603, the formation of the first conductive layer 613of the capacitive element is simultaneously implemented with theformation of a floating gate 623 of the memory cell floating gatetransistor.

For example, the third step 603 comprises depositing and etching dopedpolycrystalline silicon.

Similarly, only the mask from which the formation of the floating gate623 of the memory cell is produced has to be adapted to implement theformation of the first conductive layer 613 of the capacitive elementduring the third common step 603.

During a fourth step 604, the formation of the second dielectric layer614 of the capacitive element is simultaneously implemented with theformation of a high-voltage control gate dielectric 624 of a memory cellfloating gate transistor.

For example, an “ONO” stack of silicon dioxide layers SiO₂, of siliconnitride Si₃N₄ and of silicon dioxide SiO₂ is formed on the first layerand on the floating gate during the fourth step 604.

During a fifth step 605, the formation of the second conductive layer615 of the capacitive element is simultaneously implemented with theformation of a control gate 625 of the memory cell floating gatetransistor.

For example, the fifth step 605 comprises depositing and etching dopedpolycrystalline silicon.

Similarly, only the mask from which the formation of the control gate625 of the memory cell is produced has to be adapted to implement theformation of the second conductive layer 615 of the capacitive elementduring the fifth common step 605.

During a sixth step 606, the formation of the contacts 616 of thecapacitive element is simultaneously implemented with the formation ofcontacts of the drain or source area type 626 of a memory cell floatinggate transistor or of another part of the integrated circuit.

Indeed, for example, the second contact N+ of the capacitive element canbe simultaneously formed with the source and drain areas with the secondconductivity type of the floating gate transistor.

This being the case, another part of the integrated circuit, forexample, a control logic part of memory cells, can comprisecomplementary constructions of the MOS type, and thus require contactshighly integrated both with the first conductivity type and with thesecond conductivity type.

The electrical connection of the second electrically conductive layer ofthe semiconductor well and the doped surface region forming the secondelectrode can be produced, for example, by electric contacts passingthrough the first interconnection levels (commonly denoted “FEOL” (FrontEnd Of Line)).

Thus, an embodiment has been described of a method for manufacturing acapacitive element that only requires the adaptation of some maskingsteps of an embodiment of a method for manufacturing a memory cellcomprising a floating gate transistor. The method is thus free in termsof manufacturing steps and of production cost when it is included in amethod providing for the manufacture of such memory cells.

Furthermore, the invention is not limited to these embodiments andimplementations but includes all the variations, with the numericalvalues of the features of the capacitive element being by no meanslimiting in the strictest sense, but indicating an order of magnitude,for example, at 10% of the given value, preferably at 5%. Furthermore,the method according to the invention, described with reference to FIG.6, is clearly applicable without the simultaneous production of a memorycell.

1. An integrated circuit, comprising: a semiconductor well doped with afirst conductivity type; and at least one capacitive element,comprising: a first electrically conductive layer above thesemiconductor well, the first electrically conductive layer forming afirst capacitor electrode; a second electrically conductive layer abovethe first electrically conductive layer; and a doped surface regionlocated in the semiconductor well and at an upper surface of thesemiconductor well, said doped surface region being heavily doped with asecond conductivity type that is opposite the first conductivity type,the doped surface region located under the first electrically conductivelayer; and an inter-electrode dielectric area separating the firstelectrically conductive layer from each of the second electricallyconductive layer and the doped surface region; wherein the secondelectrically conductive layer and doped surface region form a secondcapacitor electrode.
 2. The integrated circuit according to claim 1,wherein said doped surface region extends over the upper surface of thewell which faces the first electrically conductive layer.
 3. Theintegrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of saiddoped surface region is less than 10 nm, preferably less than 5 nm. 4.The integrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein a thickness of saiddoped surface region is less than 5 nm.
 5. The integrated circuitaccording to claim 1, wherein said inter-electrode dielectric areacomprises a first dielectric layer between the first electricallyconductive layer and the doped surface region, and a second dielectriclayer between the first electrically conductive layer and the secondelectrically conductive layer.
 6. The integrated circuit according toclaim 1, wherein the capacitive element further comprises a firstcontact heavily doped with the first conductivity type electricallyconnecting the semiconductor well to the second electrode, and a secondcontact heavily doped with the second conductivity type electricallyconnecting the doped surface region to the second electrode.
 7. Theintegrated circuit according to claim 1, wherein said at least onecapacitive element forms one of: a decoupling capacitor, a compensationcircuit or a radiofrequency signal filter capacitor.
 8. A method formanufacturing a capacitive element, comprising: forming a firstelectrically conductive layer above a semiconductor well doped with afirst conductivity type; forming a second electrically conductive layerabove the first electrically conductive layer; installing a dopedsurface region heavily doped with a second conductivity type that isopposite the first conductivity type in the semiconductor well and at anupper surface of the semiconductor well; and forming an inter-electrodedielectric area electrically separating the first electricallyconductive layer from each of the second electrically conductive layerand the doped surface region; wherein the first electrically conductivelayer forms a first capacitor electrode and the second electricallyconductive layer and doped surface region form a second capacitorelectrode.
 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein installing thedoped surface region is carried out over an entirety of the uppersurface of the semiconductor well facing the first electricallyconductive layer.
 10. The method according to claim 8, wherein athickness of said doped surface region is less than 10 nm, preferablyless than 5 nm.
 11. The method according to claim 8, wherein a thicknessof said doped surface region is less than 5 nm.
 12. The method accordingto claim 8, wherein installing the doped surface region implantingdopant with 20 keV of energy and a surface concentration of 3.0*10¹³cm⁻².
 13. The method according to claim 8, wherein forming theinter-electrode dielectric area comprises forming a first dielectriclayer between the first electrically conductive layer and the dopedsurface region, and forming a second dielectric layer between the firstelectrically conductive layer and the second electrically conductivelayer.
 14. The method according to claim 8, further comprising forming afirst contact in the semiconductor well that is heavily doped with thefirst conductivity type to make an electrical connection of the well tothe second electrode, and forming a second contact in the semiconductorwell that is heavily doped with the second conductivity type to make anelectrical connection of the doped surface region to the secondelectrode.
 15. The method according to claim 8, wherein forming thefirst electrically conductive layer is part of a step for further andcommonly forming a floating gate of a floating gate transistor, whereinforming the second electrically conductive layer is part of a step forfurther and commonly forming a control gate of the floating gatetransistor, wherein installing the doped surface region is part of astep for further and commonly forming a counteractive-installation in achannel area of the floating gate transistor, and wherein forming theinter-electrode dielectric area is part of a step for further andcommonly forming a dielectric layer between the floating gate and thechannel area and a dielectric layer between the floating gate and thecontrol gate.